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• Prioritizing Vegetative Buffer Strip Placement in an Agricultural Watershed by Sharon Vennix¹ and William Northcott², ¹Former  Graduate Student, ²Assistant Professor, Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, 218 Farrall Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824
  
  Abstract: In this study, the Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Model (AGNPS) was used to determine locations of vegetative buffer strip effectiveness on reducing sediment load within the East Bad Creek (EBC) watershed, a 690 ha agricultural watershed located mid Michigan. Modeling scenarios consisted of simulating the hydrology and sediment transport throughout the EBC watershed on a baseline scenario (no buffer) and with a 30-meter vegetative buffer strip placed around each stream segment (buffer strip scenario). The model’s results showed a 17% decrease in sediment load at the watershed’s outlet for a 10yr-24hr storm. As a result, the placement of buffer strips within the watershed was prioritized on three different scales. The reduction of sediment due to buffer strips was analyzed on a stream segment level, a field boundary level, and on a cell-by cell basis. The stream segment buffers and field buffers were ranked on their overall ability to reduce sediment load into the stream. The reduction in sediment yield from the stream segments and the fields varied from 3.49 to 58.54 tons and 0 to 19.31 tons respectively. The cell results were evaluated by highlighting 0.5 tons – 3.63 tons of sediment throughout the watershed, deeming those buffered cells efficient. The cell-by-cell evaluations highlighted specific critical areas of buffer efficiency on a 30-meter resolution where the stream segment and field evaluations identified specific stream segments and fields to target for buffer placement. The AGNPS model along with the Arcview Non-Point Source Model (AVNPSM) GIS interface demonstrates that agricultural watersheds can be quickly and efficiently evaluated to target locations of buffer placement. Therefore, helping watershed managers implement vegetative buffer strips in site-specific areas within the watershed to employ efficient implementation of conservation management programs.

  Keywords: AGNPS, Buffer Strips, Sediment, GIS
  

• GENERALISED LONG DURATION PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION (PMP) ISOHYETAL MAP FOR PENINSULAR MALAYSIA by Abdullah Al-Mamun and Alias Hashim, Jurutera Perunding Zaaba, 17 Jalan Daud, Kg. Baru, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  

  Abstract: Isohyetal maps were prepared to estimate Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) for long duration storms in Peninsular Malaysia. Historical storms of 1, 3 and 5-day durations from 21 rainfall recording stations operated by Malaysian Meteorological Service (MMS) were identified and analysed to calculate the PMP vales. Maximum rainfall for 1, 3 and 5-day storms in the Peninsula were recorded as 809, 1272.9 and 1494 mm, respectively. The widely used and most reliable hydrometeorological method was used to derive and transpose the PMP values from the storm locations to all MMS stations in the Peninsula. Maximum transposed PMP for a particular duration was obtained for six selected historical storms.

  Rectified Skew Orthomorphic (RSO) coordinates of the rainfall stations and point PMP values were used for the Kriging method to generate the PMP envelop curves. The enveloping isohyetal lines were further adjusted and smoothen to consider the effect of topographical and geographical effect on the PMP values. Calculated point PMP values for 1, 3 and 5-day storms can, respectively, be as high as 1149, 1808 and 2121 mm in West Malaysia. These isohyetal maps shall give direct and fast estimate for PMP values even for the catchments where no rainfall gauging stations are available.

  However, results obtained in this study is applicable for the catchments located at elevation lower than 200 m mean sea level (MSL), and until any storm larger than the selected (in this study) occur in Peninsular Malaysia.

  Keywords: Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP), Storm Duration, Storm Maximization, Historical Rainfall, Transposition and Isohyetal Map.

   

• Modeling Groundwater Flow for the Delineation of Wellhead Protection Area around a Water-well at Nachole of Bangladesh by Md. Mizanur Rahman¹ and Shamsuddin Shahid^2*, ¹ Postgraduate Student, ²Assistant Professor Department of Applied Physics & Electronics,   Rajshahi University, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh.
  
  AAbstract: Delineation of wellhead protection area is an important component of groundwater contamination protection strategy to prevent probable environmental and health hazards. Modeling of ground water infiltration and movement in the wellhead area is a critical part of any effective wellhead protection program. Such models depend on an accurate description of the aquifer in the wellhead area for the reliable estimation of contaminant travel times and defining protection area. In this paper, a two-dimensional groundwater flow model is proposed for the estimation of contaminant travel time to water well and delineation of wellhead protection area. The model is applied for the demarcation of wellhead zone of a water-well situated at Nachol in Chapai Nawabganj District of Bangladesh. The parameters required for the modeling of groundwater flow and delineation of Wellhead protection area are obtained from borehole litholog and available literatures. The study shows that to ensure clean groundwater supply for a period of 10 years it is essential to impose restrictions on land use activities in an area of 1.91 km2 around the water well.

  Keywords: Groundwater Flow Modeling, Zone of Contribution, Zone of influence, Wellhead Protection Area.
   

• Spatial Variability of Groundwater Recharge - I. Is it really variable?  by P de Silva, Department of Agricultural & Plantation Engineering, Open University, Nawala, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
  
  Abstract:  The spatial variability of recharge is an important consideration in estimating recharge especially as all methods of estimating it are 'point' estimates and in most places recharge varies in space. This paper along with the accompanying paper attempts to find a suitable answer to the question of taking this variability into account in estimating groundwater recharge. This paper attempts to determine if recharge is actually varying in space and that this is 'true' variability and that it is not an artefact of the method used for estimating recharge. It also pulls together information on spatial variability of recharge reported by various workers in the literature, in order to determine if recharge is truly variable in space.

  Keywords: Spatial variability, Groundwater recharge, Sri Lanka

   

• Spatial Variability of Groundwater Recharge - II. Factors Affecting Variability and Taking Account of it in Estimating Recharge by P de Silva, Department of Agricultural & Plantation Engineering, Open University, Nawala, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka

  Abstract: The accompanying paper provided evidence to suggest that spatial variability of groundwater recharge is ‘true’ variability. This paper attempts to determine the major causes of such variability even at small distances, if there appears to be a frequency distribution to this spatial variability and lastly if it is possible take this variability into account in estimating recharge in an area. The clay content of the top soil appears to have a significant effect on recharge. The spatial variability of recharge appear to be log normally distributed and a way is shown where simple statistics can be used to take account of the spatial variability in estimating recharge.

  Keywords: Spatial variability, Groundwater recharge, Sri Lanka