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• Prediction of Daily Maximum Streamflow Based on Stochastic Approaches by Kadri YUREKLI¹, Ahmet KURUNC² and Huseyin SIMSEK³  1.   Res. Ass. Dr. Gaziosmanpasa Unıversity, 2. Res. Ass. Dr. Gaziosmanpasa Unıversity, 3.  Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gaziosmanpasa Unıversity, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Farm Structure and Irrigation 60250 Tasliciftlik-Tokat/TURKEY
  
  Abstract: This study analyzed daily maximum streamflow data of each month from three gauge stations on Cekerek Stream for simulation using stochastic approaches. Initially non-parametric test (Mann-Kendall) was used to identify the trend during study period. The two approaches of stochastic modeling, ARIMA and Thomas-Fiering models, were used to simulate monthly maximum data. The error estimates (RMSE and MAE) of predictions from both approaches were compared to identify the most suitable approach for reliable simulation. The two error estimates calculated for two approaches indicate that ARIMA model appear to be slightly better than Thomas-Fiering. However, both approaches were identified as appropriate method for simulating daily maximum streamflow data of each month from three gauge stations on Cekerek Stream.

  Keywords: Daily maximum streamflow, stochastic model, ARIMA, Thomas-Fiering

   

• LINKAGE OF ARCVIEW GIS WITH THE RZWQM MODEL by Xixi Wang and Peilian Cui, Respectively, Research Scientist, Energy & Environmental Research Center, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202; Software Programmer , Department of Space Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202.
  
  Abstract: The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) is a one-dimensional, lumped field-scale model. It can simulate major physical, chemical, and biological processes in an agricultural crop production system. While its reliability has been verified by several researchers, because of its lumped structure RZWQM could not account for the soil heterogeneity and the associated nonuniformity of management practices across the field. Neglecting the variability may result in misleading simulation results. On the other hand, the variability can be accurately characterized by using a geographic information system (GIS), especially ArcView GIS, the most widely used desktop mapping and geographic analysis system. Linked with ArcView GIS, RZWQM will have a quasi-distributed structure, which makes it possible to incorporate the field variability into the simulation. The linkage is realized by a series of interfaces and dialogue boxes developed in Avenue and Microsoft Visual Basic computer programming languages. The user can develop and execute such a coupled model by employing an easily-used main interface, the interfaces for preparing the input data files and displaying the simulation results, and the associated dialogue boxes. Undoubtedly, the linkage will facilitate and enhance the use of RZWQM.

  Keywords:  geographic Information System; quasi-distributed mathematical modeling; RZWQM; spatial variability; field management; water quality modeling; model integration.)
   

• Land Use/Land Cover Changes and Groundwater Potential Zoning in and around Raniganj coal mining area, Bardhaman District, West Bengal  - A GIS and Remote Sensing Approach by P. K. Sikdar¹, S. Chakraborty², Enakshi Adhya¹ and P.K. Paul² , ¹Department of Environment Management, Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management, Kolkata, ² Department of Mining and Geology, B.E. College (A Deemed University), Howrah, India.

  Abstract: The Raniganj area has a long history of coal mining starting from 1744. This has resulted in major change in land use pattern and high groundwater abstraction leading to drinking water crisis especially during the premonsoon period. In the present study, land use /land cover conversions in Raniganj area from 1972 to 1998 and groundwater potential zoning for future groundwater development has been delineated using the techniques of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). The study indicates that land covered by vegetation and settlement has decreased at the expense of mining activity, which is reflected in the increase in area of overburden dump, barren land, waste land and abandoned quarry filled with water. Land use/land cover conversion has taken place in about 99.6 sq km, which accounts for 34.9 % of the total area, over 26-year period. Overlay analysis using multi-criteria such as drainage texture, geomorphology, lithology, current land use and steepness of slope and frequency of lineaments has been utilized to understand the potentiality of groundwater for future development. The analysis indicates that the groundwater potentiality of Raniganj area is medium (yield: 25 –50 m3/hr) with high potential (yield: >50 m3/hr) in the stretch along the Damodar River and in small pockets in the northern part of the study area. The groundwater abstractions structures feasible in the each of the various potential zones have also been suggested.
   

• Application of Chemical Mass Balance to Water Quality Data of Malaprabha River by B. K. Purandara, N. Varadarajan and C. P. Kumar (Hard Rock Regional Centre, National Institute of Hydrology, Hanuman nagar, Belgaum – 590 001.
  
  Abstract:Mass balance calculations carried out for Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO₄ and HCO₃ for the study area showed that the major source of contamination is through non-point sources. It is also observed that the river water quality during the non-monsoon season (February, 2000) almost resembles with the groundwater quality of the adjoining aquifer. However, during post-monsoon period (October, 1999) a wide variation was found between groundwater and surface water quality which can be attributed to the movement of fertilizers and agricultural ashes with monsoon flows reaching the stream along with overland flow. The major source of contamination in the Malaprabha river was found to be due to the non-point sources (more than 90%). An immediate attention from the concerned authorities is required in order to protect the land from further salinization.

  Keywords: Mass balance, Salinity, advection, base flow
   

• Estimating sediment yield using Agricultural Non-Point Sources (AGNPS) model: The effects of slope information from different GIS softwares. by Ruslan Rainis, GIS and Spatial Analysis Research Group, Geography Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia,  11800 Penang, Malaysia. On sabbatical leave at School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom from September 2002 to May 2003.

  Abstract: This study compares the effects of slope information derived from three GIS software on sediment yield as estimated using AGNPS model. The three GIS software are IDRISI for Windows, ERDAS Imagine and ArcView. The results of the study clearly demonstrated that the different software produced different slope information. The deviations were considerable when the comparisons were based on raw slope values. The maximum slope values generated by the software differed by as much as 61 percent. Not only the software produced different slope values, the locations where the maximum slope occurred were also different. These differences in slope information subsequently impacted the estimates of sediment yield using the AGNPS model. While the maximum slope information differed only by 1.6 times, the maximum sediment yields generated by the difference software varied by as much as 12.7 times. This strongly indicates that the use of different GIS software in environmental modeling might lead to different decision making and management strategy.

  Keywords: Geographical Information System (GIS), slope  information, Sediment yield; AGNPS model; tropical catchment
   

• Hydrogeology of the Northern Gezira Area, Central Sudan by  Adil Elkrai^1,3 Omer Kheir², Longcang Shu¹ and Hao zhenchun^{1, 1}College of water resources & Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing City, China. , Fax:+86253735375, Email:adilballa99@hotmail.com, ²Geological Research Authority, Fax: +24911776681, Khartoum, Sudan, ³El Neelain University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.

  Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the hydraulic properties of the aquifers, evaluate the chemical characteristics of groundwater, and construct a water level and hyrochemical maps. Jacob’s, and Theis’s recovery methods were used to calculate the aquifer hydraulic properties. The chemical analyses of major constituents with aid of surfer software and Piper’s diagram were used in evaluation of groundwater chemistry and construction of hydrochemical maps. The transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity of Gezira and Cretaceous sedimentary aquifers were calculated. Based on field and laboratory observations it was found that the groundwater in lower Gezira and Cretaceous sedimentary aquifers is suitable for domestic use whereas that of upper Gezira aquifer is extremely saline and considered to have been polluted by local lithological units. The hydrochemical composition of the groundwater in Gezira aquifers is NaHCO₃, Ca (HCO₃)₂, Ca SO₄, CaCl₂ and Na₂SO₄ water types of alkaline character. The Cretaceous sedimentary aquifer is characterized by NaHCO₃, and NaCl₂ water types.

  Key words: aquifer, transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, chemical analyses, hydrochemical composition.
   

• Diffused Interface Model to Prevent Ingress of Sea Water in Multi-Layer Coastal Aquifers by A. K. Rastogi, Professor Department of civil Engineering,  Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India, e-mail: akr@civil.iitb.ac.in.
  Gye Woon Choi, Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental System Engineering and Director Incheon Regional Environmental Technology Development Centre,  University of Incheon, Incheon, South Korea, Email: gyewoon@incheon.ac.kr.
   S. K. Ukarande, Professor Department of civil Engineering, MGM’s College of Engineering & Technology, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, 410209, India, e-mail: ukarande@yahoo.com.
  
  Abstract: In many regions coastal aquifers are major source of supply of water to various sectors. However, indiscriminate pumping from these aquifers leads to seawater intrusion which is difficult to contain. A numerical model is developed to study two-dimensional steady state seawater intrusion problem involving hydrodynamic dispersion in a synthetic multi-layered confined coastal aquifer. The intrusion model is used to investigate efficacy of seawater control measures involving freshwater recharge wells and combined system of freshwater recharge and saltwater discharge wells. The study found that depth of recharge well, its location from the seashore and well head are important parameters that can control the ingress of the diffused interface. As the recharge wells are located closer to the sea shore, push back effect on the 0.5 isochlor is more pronounced. However, increase in depth of the recharge and discharge well has limited effect. The model study found that a combined recharge-discharge wells system is more effective in controlling seawater intrusion compared to the recharge wells approach.
   

• Prediction of Ground Water Vulnerability using an Integrated GIs-based neuro-fuzzy techniques by B. Dixon, Assistant. Professor, Dept of Environmental Science, Policy and Geography, University of South Florida St. Petersburg, 140 Seventh Ave South, St. Petersburg, Fl 33701
  
  Abstract: There is a need to develop new modeling techniques that assess ground water vulnerability with less expensive data and which are robust when data are uncertain and incomplete. Incorporation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with a modeling approach that is robust has the potential for creating a successful modeling tool. The specific objective of this study was to develop a model using Neuro-fuzzy techniques in a GIS to predict ground water vulnerability. The Neuro-fuzzy model was developed in JAVA using four plausible parameters deemed critical in transporting contaminants in and through the soil profile. These parameters include soil hydrologic group, depth of the soil profile, soil structure (pedality points) of the soil A horizon and landuse. The model was validated using nitrate-N concentration data. The majority of the highly vulnerable areas predicted by the model coincided with agricultural landuse, moderately deep to deep soils, soil hydrologic group C (moderately low Ksat) and high pedality points (high water transmitting properties of the soil structure). The proposed methodology has potential for facilitating ground water vulnerability modeling at a regional scale and can be used for other regions, but would require incorporation of appropriate input parameters suitable for the region. This study is the first step toward incorporation of Neurofuzzy techniques, GIS, GPS and remote sensing in the assessment of ground water vulnerability from non-point source contaminants.

  Key Words: GIS, Spatial Modeling, Remote Sensing, Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks